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The Southern Cone (, ) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of , mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers , , and , bounded on the west by the and on the east by the . In terms of geography, the Southern Cone comprises , , and , and sometimes includes 's four southernmost states (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo).

The Southern Cone is the second subregion with the highest Human Development Index and standard of living in , after .

(2025). 9780415937351, Routledge.

Geography and extent
Countries
In most cases, the term "Southern Cone" refers specifically to , , and , due to their geographical, cultural, ethnic, and economic similarities.
45,195,77416.26 (12.02)0,845
(very high)
756,102 ( 2,006,360)19,116,20125.28 (9.53)0.851
(very high)
3,473,73019.710.817
(very high)

Other regions
Brazil
Brazil's four southernmost states (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo) share characteristics with Argentina, and Uruguay (similar local climate, high standard of living, high levels of industrialization and greater percentage European ethnic component due to ). Brazil's other states are more similar to the other South American countries in these issues.

When the definition is not limited to entire countries, the states of the South Region and the state of São Paulo are generally included.

Paraná 11.434.00059.800.796
(high)
Rio Grande do Sul 39.100.792
(high)
Santa Catarina 71.180.808
(very high)		Florianópolis
São Paulo 95.830.826
(very high)		São Paulo

Paraguay
Due to the geographical proximity, common history, geography and political cycles, is sometimes included in what is meant by Southern Cone, geographically speaking, but excluded due to differences in climate, economy and development, and cultural identity. While Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Southern Brazil are located in the southernmost part of South America, with temperate climates and a dominant European ancestry shaping their demographics and culture, Paraguay is a landlocked country further north, with a subtropical climate and a unique cultural identity rooted in its Guaraní heritage. Economically, Paraguay has a lower Human Development Index (HDI) compared to the Southern Cone countries, which rank among the highest in Latin America. Paraguay’s economy, focused on agriculture and hydroelectric power, is also less diversified and globally integrated.

Climate
The climates are mostly Mediterranean temperate, but include humid subtropical, highland tropical, maritime temperate, sub-Antarctic temperate, highland cold, desert and semi-arid temperate regions. (Except for the northern regions of Argentina ( in January), the whole country of Paraguay, the Argentina-Brazil border and the interior of the ). The region rarely suffers from heat. In addition to that, the winter presents mostly cold temperatures. Strong and constant wind and high humidity are what brings low temperatures in the winter.

One of the most peculiar plants of the region is the tree, which can be found in Chile, Argentina and parts of Brazil. The only native group of found in the southern hemisphere had its origin in the Southern Cone. Araucaria angustifolia, once widespread in Southern Brazil, is now a critically endangered species, protected by law. The region of central Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil is known as the .

Central Chile has Mediterranean vegetation and a Mediterranean climate, grading southward into an . The Atacama, Patagonian and deserts form a separating the woodlands, croplands and pastures of La Plata basin from Central and Southern Chile. Apart from the desert diagonal, the north–south running Andes form a major divide in the Southern Cone and constitute, for most of its part in the southern cone, the Argentina–Chile border. In the east the river systems of the basin form natural barriers and sea lanes between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

The is the driest place on Earth, with some regions having no recorded rainfall in history.

Image gallery
File:Cono-sur-anual-sat.gif|Satellite images of the Southern Cone month by month. File:Ischigualasto national park.jpg|Landforms in the at , Argentina. Much of the southern cone is covered by the of which Monte Desert is part. File:Cabanas curarrehue.jpg|Snow in the in , . File:L' automne rouge.JPG| in , . File:Aconcagua (aerial).jpg|Located in between Chile and Argentina, , almost 7000 meters high, is the highest mountain on Earth outside the Himalayas, and continues to rise. File:Neve na SC-438 em São Joaquim.JPG|Snow in the of the Planalto Serrano mountain range of the state of Santa Catarina, southern . File:Jacarandas at Plaza Miserere.jpg| in bloom in , during spring. File:Campo Departamento Conhelo.jpg|The extensive temperate prairies of the in the center of .
+Average temperatures for some urban areas of the Southern Cone




Santiago de Chile







Córdoba







Concepción



Mar del Plata



Neuquén







Bariloche











Culture
Besides sharing languages and colonial heritage, in this area, there was extensive European immigration during the 19th- and 20th-centuries, who, with their descendants, have strongly influenced the culture, social life and politics of these countries. Immigration reshaped the modern-day societies of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, countries where the influx of newcomers was massive.

The residents of the states of the Southern Cone are avid players and fans of , with top-notch teams competing in the sport. Argentina has won the FIFA World Cup three times, while Uruguay has won the cup twice; they are the only national teams along with Brazil outside to have won the cup. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil have all hosted the World Cup. Additionally, national teams from the region have won several Olympic medals in football. Also, football clubs from the Southern Cone countries have won large numbers of club competitions in South-American competitions, Pan-American competitions, and world-FIFA Club World Cup-level competitions.

(Argentina and Uruguay) and (Chile) are horsemen that are considered icons of national identity (like cowboys); they are featured in the Martín Fierro.

Gastronomy
The (barbecue) is a culinary tradition typical of the Southern Cone main countries and was developed by and .

Mate is a popular infusion throughout the Southern Cone.

Religion
Like the rest of Latin America, most residents of the Southern Cone are members of the , with a minority of Protestants, including a significant population in South Brazil and South Chile. Other religions also present in the southern cone include , Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, , the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and . communities have thrived in cities of Argentina and Uruguay.

While the Southern Cone has been conservative in some aspects of religion, it has had a tradition of social reform and liberation theology has been followed by many in the Catholic Church. , where and is common, has a policy of strong separation of church and state; it is one of the most countries in the . Latin American Area Studies: Uruguay , University of Minnesota Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, in that order, have the least religious residents in South America, according to their responses about the significance of religion in their lives. According to the Pew Research Center, 28% of Uruguayans, 43% of Argentines, and 41% of Chileans think of religion 'very important in their lives,' contrasting with the higher values given by the residents of countries such as Peru (72%), Colombia (77%) and Ecuador (76%).

The Southern Cone produced the first pope from the Western Hemisphere, , elected in 2013, born in , .

+Religion in the Southern Cone
62.915.318.92.60.3 Segunda Encuesta Nacional Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas en Argentina 2019
42.014.037.06.00.0
88.36.82.61.70.8 Religion affiliation in Paraguay as of 2018. Based on Latinobarómetro. Survey period: June 15 to August 2, 2018, 1,200 respondents.
42.015.037.06.00.0
Paraná, Brazil69.622.24.63.60.0« Censo 2010». IBGE« Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência» (PDF)
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil68.818.35.35.20.0
Santa Catarina, Brazil73.120.43.23.30.0
São Paulo, Brazil60.124.18.17.70.0

Other Cultural
In a 2014 social survey, residents rated their countries as 'good places for gay or lesbian people to live;' the following percentages said 'yes' in Uruguay (71%), Argentina (68%), and Chile (52%).

Language
The overwhelming majority, including those of recent background, speak (in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) or Portuguese in the case of Southern Brazil. The Spanish-speaking countries of the Southern Cone are divided into two main dialects:

  • Castellano Rioplatense (River Plate Spanish), spoken in Argentina and Uruguay, where the accent and daily language is heavily influenced by 19th-20th century Italian immigrants, has a particular intonation famously recognized by Spanish speakers from around the world. It is sometimes unofficially referred to as "Castellano Argentino/Argentine Spanish" due to the majority of the speakers (by population) being Argentines. Preliminary research has shown that Rioplatense Spanish has intonation patterns that resemble those of in the Naples region, differing markedly from those of other forms of Spanish. Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Montevideo had a massive influx of Italian immigrant settlers from the mid-19th until mid-20th centuries. Researchers note that the development of this dialect is a relatively recent phenomenon, developing at the beginning of the 20th century with the main wave of Italian immigration.
  • (Chilean Spanish), spoken in Chile, features multiple accents, but one of its most common characteristics is the omission of the letter "s" when pronouncing words. For example, "Los chilenos" is pronounced as "Lo' chileno'." Additionally, in informal and colloquial speech (especially among close friends), the use of reverential voseo is common. This phenomenon changes phrases like "¿Dónde estás?" ("Where are you?") into "¿Dónde estáis?". However, since Chileans often omit the final "s," the resulting pronunciation is "¿Dónde estai?"

These dialects share common traits, such as a number of and words.

Minor languages and dialects include Cordobés, Cuyo, and Portuñol, a hybrid between Rioplatense and Brazilian Portuguese that is spoken in Uruguay on the border with Brazil.

Native American languages
Some Native American groups, especially in rural areas, continue to speak autochthonous languages, including (also known as ), , , and . The first is primarily spoken in Araucanía and adjacent areas of , in southern Argentina and Chile. Guarani is the official language of Paraguay, the most widely spoken language in that country, and in 2010, the city of , in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, adopted Guarani as the official language, besides Portuguese. It is also a co-official language in the northeastern Argentine provinces of Corrientes and . "Official languages include indigenous" , IPS News

Non-Iberian languages
(mostly its dialects, such as Venetian), is spoken in rural communities across , , and São Paulo where immigrants had settled.

, in various dialects, is mostly spoken in Southern Chile and Southern Brazil. As well as in the Chaco (Paraguay) by Mennonites. It is the second most spoken mother tongue in Brazil.

The Southern Cone is also known to have high proficiency compared to other South American countries. This language is spoken in the , a British Overseas Territory (disputed by Argentina).

, and Ukrainian are also spoken in Southern Brazil. Dutch is spoken in Chile as well, and Ukrainian is used in Argentina as well. Croatian and other are also spoken in the southernmost areas of Chilean Patagonia, reflecting patterns of immigration and settlement. can be heard mainly in , Argentina and São Paulo, Brazil. In Brazil, Japanese is spoken by immigrant communities in the states of São Paulo and Paraná. By descendants in Argentina and Chile, is spoken by descendants of in the region.

Comparison of selected words

Below there are selected words to show vocabulary in the dialects of the countries of the Southern Cone and other Spanish-speaking countries in South America and the dialect of Portuguese spoken in Brazil.

+
apartamento
alcachofa
aguacate
cambur
caraota
pimientón
mantequilla
carro
jojoto
pitillo
zarcillo
toronja
vainita
chaqueta
estufa
lechosa
guisante
maní
cotufas
gomas
medias
batata
piscina
franela
lavadora
Demography
The population of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay is 40, 16.8 and 3.6 million respectively. is the largest metropolitan area at 13.1 million and Santiago, Chile has 6.4 million. Uruguay's capital and largest city, , has 1.8 million, and it receives many visitors on ferry boats across the Río de la Plata from Buenos Aires, away.

By contrast, the region of southern Chile and Argentina is very sparsely populated, with a population density of less than two people per square kilometer.

Ethnicity
The population of the Southern Cone has been strongly influenced by waves of immigration from in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. People of direct European descent, make up 88% of total population of , 85% of the total population of and 65% of the total population of . The remainder of the population in these countries consists predominantly of mestizos with a significant proportion of European ancestry.
(2025). 9789707570528, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. .
SOCIAL IDENTITY Marta Fierro Social Psychologist. massive immigration of European Argentina Uruguay Chile Brazil In São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina self-identified are 61.3%; 70.0%; 82.3%; and 86.8% of the population respectively, with people of Italian, Polish and German ancestry predominating.

started to emigrate to the Southern Cone as early as the second half of the 17th century, and it became a mass phenomenon between 1880 and 1920 when Italy was facing social and economic disturbances. O.N.I.-Department of Education of Argentina As a consequence of mass Italian immigration, the Southern Cone has the largest in the world, with people of Italian descent being the majority in many places, with the highest percentage being in (62.5% Italian), and in the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina (60% Italian). Among all Italians who immigrated to Brazil, 70% went to the State of São Paulo. In consequence, the State of São Paulo has more people with Italian ancestry than any region of Italy itself, with São Paulo city being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world, of the 10 million inhabitants of São Paulo city, 60% (6 million people) have full or partial Italian ancestry (the largest city of Italy is Rome, with 2.5 million inhabitants). Small towns, such as Nova Veneza, have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent.

The region also has a large (second largest after the ), with People of German descent being 25% of the population of Rio Grande do Sul and 35% of the population of Santa Catarina. Residents of German descent even predominate in South Chile due to German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue.

make up 15.8% of the population and are a majority in . Native Americans make up 3% of the population, living in communities in Araucanía region in Chile. (people of European and African ancestry) mostly in Uruguay (0.2%), and (1.0%), mostly in Argentina, the remaining 1.2%. Historia de las repúblicas de la Plata, Manuel González Llana

There is also a strong presence in the Southern Cone, with people of full or at least partial Arab ancestry being 5% of the population of and , 9.8% of the population of , and 11% of the population of . Brazil has the largest number of Arabs outside the , with 20 million Brazilians being descendants of Arabs,

(2014). 9781317658030, Routledge. .
(2014). 9780253014962, Indiana University Press. .
while the Palestinian community in Chile is considered the largest outside the .

Genetic and historical roots
Since interethnic marriages are widespread in Latin America, complex ethnic classifications emerged, including more than a dozen of "racial" categories created in 18th century , with notorious examples being , morisco and cambujo. In Brazil, about 190 "racial" categories were detected by the Census of 1976.

A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist , has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed of 79% different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities), 18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indigenous. An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found the composition of the Argentine population to be 78.5% European, 17.3% Amerindian, and 4.2% Sub-Saharan African (SSA). Blacks made up 25% of the population of Buenos Aires in 1810, 1822 and 1838. In 1887, the government decided to cease asking Argentine citizens about their race. According to Laura López, it was a way to "hide" the Black population, not only from the Census, but also from public opinion.

Multiple studies concluded that Whites make 50-65% of the Chilean population and the CIA concluded that 89% are Whites, Castizos and Mestizos. ( Main page ) The use of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome test results show the following: The European component is predominant (91.0%, versus 9.0% of the aboriginal one) in the Chilean upper class, the middle classes, 66.8%-62.3% European component and 37.7%-33.2 of mixed aboriginal and lower classes at 55–52.9% European component and 47.1%-45% mix of Aboriginal.

A DNA study from 2009, published in the American Journal of Human Biology, showed the genetical composition of Uruguay to be mainly European, but with Native American (which varies from 1% to 20% in different parts of the country) and also SSA (7% to 15% in different parts of the country).

Similar to the rest of Latin America, the genetic ancestry of the population of the Southern Cone reflects the history of the continent: the Iberian colonizers were mostly men who arrived without women. European immigration to this part of the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Juan Bialet Massé en su informe sobre "El estado de las clases obreras en el interior del país" brought more European and Middle Eastern components to the local population.

Education and standards of living
The Southern Cone is the most prosperous region in Latin America. The region has relatively high standard of living and quality of life. Chile's, Argentina's, and Uruguay's HDIs — (0.860), (0.849) and (0.830) — are the highest in Latin America, similar to countries like , , , or .

The region has a high , and access to health care and education. In , illiteracy technically does not exist.

From an economic point of view, the Southern Cone countries has been praised for being the most and pro in that gave them the profile of "emerging economies".

is significantly lower in this region compared other countries in Latin America.

Since the , Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay have experienced significant democratic stability. After enduring military dictatorships during the 1970s and 1980s, each country transitioned to democratic governance, leading to a more open and participatory political environment.

! Country ! GDP per
capita
(PPP)
(2015 estimates)
USD ! Income
equality
(2015)
! Human
Develop. page 25–26
(2014 estimates)
HDI ! Environmental
Perform.
(2014)
EPI !! Failed States Index
2014 !! Lack of Corruption
2014 !! Economic Freedom
2015 !! Peace
2014 !!
2010
Summary of socio-economic performance indicators for Latin American countries
7.12
6.45
6.91
6.01
7.84
Politics
During the second half of 20th century, these countries were in some periods ruled by juntas, military nationalistic dictatorships. Around the 1970s, these regimes collaborated in against opposition, including urban guerrillas. However, by the early 1980s Argentina and Uruguay restored their democracies; Chile followed suit in 1990.

Governments
Timeline of presidents
ImageSize = width:1075 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = left:60 bottom:60 top:0 right:10 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1950 till:20/04/2020 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Colors = 

 id:peronist    value:pink        legend:Peronist
 id:colo      value:orange     legend:Colorado
 id:frenteamplio  value:green     legend:Frente_Amplio
 id:blanco    value:yellow        legend:Blanco
 id:radical      value:teal     legend:Radical
 id:dictatorship      value:black     legend:Dictator
 id:socialist      value:red     legend:Socialist
 id:PDC      value:purple     legend:Christian_Democrat
 id:PRN      value:blue     legend:Chilean_right_and_center-right

Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom

ScaleMajor = increment:5 start:1950 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1951

BarData = 

 bar:arg   text:"Argentina"
 bar:chi    text:"Chile"
 bar:uru   text:"Uruguay"

PlotData= 

 width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:arg       from:01/01/1950 till:16/09/1955 color:peronist
 bar:arg       from:16/09/1955 till:01/05/1958 color:dictatorship
 bar:arg       from:01/05/1958 till:28/06/1966 color:radical
 bar:arg       from:28/06/1966 till:25/05/1973 color:dictatorship
 bar:arg       from:25/05/1973 till:24/03/1976 color:peronist
 bar:arg       from:24/03/1976 till:10/12/1983 color:dictatorship
 bar:arg       from:10/12/1983 till:08/07/1989 color:radical
 bar:arg       from:08/07/1989 till:10/12/1999 color:peronist
 bar:arg       from:10/12/1999 till:23/12/2001 color:radical
 bar:arg       from:23/12/2001 till:10/12/2015 color:peronist
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2015 till:10/12/2019 color:radical
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2019 till:20/04/2020 color:peronist
 bar:chi       from:03/11/1958 till:03/11/1964 color:PRN
 bar:chi       from:03/11/1964 till:03/11/1970 color:PDC
 bar:chi       from:03/11/1970 till:11/09/1973 color:socialist
 bar:chi       from:11/09/1973 till:11/03/1990 color:dictatorship
 bar:chi       from:11/03/1990 till:11/03/2000 color:PDC
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2000 till:11/03/2010 color:socialist
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2010 till:11/03/2014 color:PRN
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2014 till:11/03/2018 color:socialist
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2018 till:20/04/2020 color:PRN
 bar:uru       from:01/01/1950 till:01/03/1951 color:colo
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1967 till:27/06/1973 color:colo
 bar:uru       from:27/06/1973 till:01/03/1985 color:dictatorship
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1985 till:01/03/1990 color:colo
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1990 till:01/03/1995 color:blanco
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1995 till:01/03/2005 color:colo
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2005 till:01/03/2020 color:frenteamplio
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2020 till:20/04/2020 color:blanco

ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:60 top:0 right:10 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1990 till:20/01/2021 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Colors = 
 id:centerright  value:skyblue               legend:Centre-right
 id:right      value:blue                    legend:Right
 id:centerleft  value:pink               legend:Centre-left
 id:left        value:red    legend:Left

Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom ScaleMajor = increment:5 start:1990 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1990 BarData = 

 bar:arg   text:"Argentina"
 bar:chi   text:"Chile"
 bar:uru   text:"Uruguay"
PlotData = 
 width:16 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:arg       from:01/01/1990 till:10/12/1999 color:right  text:"Menem"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/1999 till:21/12/2001 color:centerright  text:"Rua"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:02/01/2002 till:25/05/2003 color:centerleft  text:"D."  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:25/05/2003 till:10/12/2007 color:left  text:"Kirchner"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2007 till:10/12/2015 color:left  text:"C. Fernández de Kirchner"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2019 till:31/12/2020 color:centerleft  text:"A. Fernández" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2015 till:10/12/2019 color:centerright  text:"Macri"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:01/01/1990 till:11/03/1990 color:right
 bar:chi       from:11/03/1990 till:11/03/1994 color:centerleft      text:"Aylwin"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/1994 till:11/03/2000 color:centerleft      text:"Frei"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2000 till:11/03/2006 color:centerleft      text:"Lagos"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2006 till:11/03/2010 color:centerleft      text:"Bachelet" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2014 till:11/03/2018 color:centerleft      text:"Bachelet" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2010 till:11/03/2014 color:centerright      text:"Piñera"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:22/03/2018 till:20/01/2021 color:centerright      text:"Piñera" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1990 till:01/03/1995 color:centerright    text:"A. Lacalle"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1995 till:01/03/2000 color:centerright    text:"Sanguinetti"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2000 till:01/03/2005 color:centerright    text:"Batlle"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2005 till:01/03/2010 color:centerleft    text:"Vázquez"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2010 till:01/03/2015 color:centerleft    text:"Mujica"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2015 till:01/03/2020 color:centerleft    text:"Vázquez"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2020 till:20/01/2021 color:centerright      text:"L. Lacalle" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)

See also

Explanatory notes
External links
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